Which mycotoxin is produced in Aspergillus flavus infected maize plants?

Which mycotoxin is produced in Aspergillus flavus infected maize plants?

aflatoxin
Maize kernels are susceptible to infection by the opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus flavus. Infection results in reduction of grain quality and contamination of kernels with the highly carcinogenic mycotoxin, aflatoxin.

Does Aspergillus niger produce aflatoxin?

Aspergillus niger, a mold commonly associated with Aspergillus flavus in damaged corn, interferes with the production of aflatoxin when grown with A. flavus on autoclaved corn. Aflatoxin formation was completely inhibited below pH 2.8-3.0, irrespective of the system used for pH adjustment.

What is aflatoxin b1 b2 g1 g2?

Aflatoxins. Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) are mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which commonly contaminate a variety of animal food. Aflatoxins are proven to be mutagens, carcinogens and teratogens.

Which enzyme is produced by Aspergillus?

Aspergillus niger is one of the most important microorganisms in biotechnology. It has been already used to produce extracellular enzymes such as glucose oxidase, pectinase, α-amylase and glucoamylase, organic acids, and recombinant proteins.

Does Aspergillus produce mycotoxins?

Pathogenic Aspergillus spp. also produce mycotoxins. These toxins are known for their strong and varied biological activities. For example, aflatoxin, the most well-known and well-investigated mycotoxin, is known to carry the most potent carcinogenic activity as a natural product.

What mycotoxin is produced by Penicillium?

Patulin, a genotoxic mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Byssochlamys is the most common mycotoxin in apples and apple-derived products [45]. Several countries in Europe and the USA have now set limits on the level of patulin in apple juice.

Which fungus produces aflatoxin?

Aspergillus flavus
The main fungi that produce aflatoxins are Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which are abundant in warm and humid regions of the world.

Which Aspergillus produces aflatoxin?

Aflatoxins are a family of toxins produced by certain fungi that are found on agricultural crops such as maize (corn), peanuts, cottonseed, and tree nuts. The main fungi that produce aflatoxins are Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which are abundant in warm and humid regions of the world.

What are the aflatoxin types?

Aflatoxins are produced primarily by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. There are four main types of aflatoxins: B1, B2, G1, and G2. Aflatoxin B1 is the major toxin produced, and is regulated in the United States at 20 ppb in agricultural products that may be used in human food.

What are the main fermentation products produced by Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger?

Aspergillus oryzae, which is one of the most potent secretory producers of proteins among filamentous fungi, has been used for hundreds of years in Japanese traditional fermentation industries including oriental alcoholic beverages such as sake (rice wine) and shochu (spirits), miso (soybean paste), and shoyu (soy …

What kind of toxins does Aspergillus spp produce?

Pathogenic Aspergillus spp. also produce mycotoxins. These toxins are known for their strong and varied biological activities. For example, aflatoxin, the most well-known and well-investigated mycotoxin, is known to carry the most potent carcinogenic activity as a natural product.

Which is most toxic aflatoxin B1 or B2?

Aflatoxin B1 is considered the most toxic and is produced by both Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxin M1 is present in the fermentation broth of Aspergillus parasiticus, but it and aflatoxin M2 are also produced when an infected liver metabolizes aflatoxin B1 and B2.

What are the effects of Aspergillus mycotoxins in vivo?

Aspergillus mycotoxins in vivo: production and function. Their expression was also found to be mostly regulated by a product of the regulatory gene aflR. The deletion of laeA (delta laeA) was found to block the expression of metabolic gene clusters, including sterigmatocystin (carcinogen), penicillin (antibiotic),…

Where do aflatoxins grow in the human body?

Aflatoxins are poisonous carcinogens that are produced by certain molds (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus) which grow in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains.